Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global
warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using
current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC
emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7
to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop
yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits
of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well
above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different
sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide–reduction
measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.
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